Psychoanalytic Criticism Of Eveline - 1958 Words

James Joyce wrote a short story, â€Å"Eveline,† to discuss Eveline’s indecisiveness on whether to leave home or stay at home. In the first part of the story, Eveline lost the physical presence of her family and friends; they either preceded in death or moved to another place. As she tried to develop her new life with her father, she noticed her father’s â€Å"violent† actions that she does all she can to escape the violence. When she explored life with Frank, she developed feelings for Frank in order to escape home. However, Joyce ended the story with her motionless as the boat takes Frank without her. This leaves readers wondering what happened to Eveline. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic criticism gives readers insight of what happened to Eveline†¦show more content†¦However, her relationship with her father became the most repressive moment of her life. Not only does the id contained the darkest wishes, it also contained her fears, mostly from her father. Joyce developed the father’s character where she wrote that Eveline’s father â€Å"was not so bad then.† However, as Eveline became nineteen, she â€Å"felt in danger of her father’s violence† (Joyce â€Å"Eveline†). This changed over time as Eveline got a new perception of her father, seeing him â€Å"go for† her brothers, Harry and Ernest as a little girl. However, the older she became, the more her father would threaten her to â€Å"do to her only for her mother’s sake,† leaving her defenseless against her father’s violence. In addition, her father met with Frank and quarreled against him, leaving her to keep her affair a secret (Joyce, â€Å"Eveline†). The change in her relationship with her father gave her intense fears that she could suffer the same fate as her mother. With her experience of the deaths of her family and friends and the abuse of her father, her deep desire to leave ho me came from those past experiences. However, her treatment of love and respect from Frank gave her expectations for better things in her life; those expectations are home to her where she can experience love, as she did long ago, and a husband she found attractive that will give her respect, different from her mother. TheShow MoreRelatedReview Of Eveline By James Joyce1684 Words   |  7 PagesJames Joyce’s short story, â€Å"Eveline,† displayed Eveline’s indecisiveness on whether to leave home or stay at home. In the first part of the story, Eveline lost the physical presence of her family and friends; they either preceded in death or moved to another place. As she tried to develop her new life with her father, she noticed her father’s violent actions that she does all she can to escape the violence (Joyce, par. 9). When she explored life with Frank, she developed feelings for Frank in orderRead MoreEssay about James Joyces The Dead3163 Words   |à ‚  13 Pagesfurther and continued to circle in the same position for centuries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coupled with his depiction of Dublin’s immobile status through his characters, James Joyce also exemplifies his theme of paralysis through snow. In Daniel R. Schwarz’s psychoanalytic criticism of The Dead, he explains that â€Å"the snow imagery focuses our attention on a world outside Gabriel†¦where as ice, it suggests the emotional sterility of a world reduced to social gestures, empty talk, and loveless relationships† (Schwarz 123)

Psychological Research into Individual Differences in...

Psychological Research into Individual Differences in Attachment An attachment is a close relationship between two persons, characterised by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity (Schaffer 1993). When you are attached to someone, you enjoy their company and are distressed when they are not there. The most common attachment researched is between a baby and its caregiver. Ainsworth et al (1978) researched secure and insecure attachments using the Strange Situation. This was to research individual in attachment and to see what types of attachment were formed between the mother and baby. One year old babies were observed during seven episodes to find evidence of separation protest†¦show more content†¦The child behaved indifferently towards the mother and stranger and avoided the mother when she returned. They could be comforted by the stranger. They only showed distress when they were left in the room by themselves. This showed that the mothers sensitivity in an essential factor to determine the strength of the childs attachment. The more sensitive a mother is towards her childs needs the more secure the child is attached. The less sensitive a mother is, the more insecure her child would be (either anxious-avoidant or anxious-resistant). The positive criticisms for Ainsworths study was said to be an important study in the history of attachment research, and that several more recent studies have shown that parental sensitivity causes attachment security. The negative criticisms for this research was that it a highly artificial and lacked ecological validity. Also, the attachment type couldnt happen if it was a fixed characteristic of the child. This is because if the family circumstances changed, then the attachment style would also change. Attachments are a feature to a unique relationship and could be different between a mother and her child, and a father and his child. The final criticism for this study was that it was very unethical for psychologists toShow MoreRelatedMonsters On The Brain : An Evolutionary Epistemology Of Horror Essay1455 Words   |  6 PagesAinsworth, Mary D. Bell, Silvia M. (1970) Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41(1), pp. 49-67. Doi: 10.2307/1127388 Asma, S. T. (2014). Monsters on the brain: An evolutionary epistemology of horror. Social Research, 81(4), 941-968. Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., Draper, P. (1991). Childhood eExperience, iInterpersonal dDevelopment, and rReproductive sStrategy: An eEvolutionary tTheory of sSocializationRead MoreInfant Attachment Styles and General Anxiety Disorder in Adults1373 Words   |  6 PagesInfant Attachment styles and general anxiety disorder in adults Purpose The purpose of this study is to look at the relationship between infant attachment styles and psychological wellbeing, with general anxiety as a measure of psychological wellbeing. This study will use an adult sample that will go through psychological tests to determine what attachment style each individual had when they were infants. After establishing their attachment styles their general anxiety levels will be testedRead MoreSample Undergraduate Psychology Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesIt was graded at 60% (A 2.1) and the bibliography is missing! Drawing on Freudian and Attachment Theories assess the Relationship between early years experiences and criminality. Psychological theories have attempted to explain the reasons for and how criminality occurs. The psychoanalytic perspective involves two major theories - Freuds theory of the Sexual Stages of Development and the Theory of Attachment purposed by Bowlby (1947). These theories conclude that there is an association betweenRead MoreThe Facebook Self : Characteristics And Psychological Predictors Of False Self Presentation On Facebook Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pages The journal that I am critiquing is called, â€Å"The Facebook-self: characteristics and psychological predictors of false self-presentation on Facebook,† and the main purpose and goal of the study is to argue and demonstrate that the use of Facebook can also be associated with other psychological problems, beyond addiction. It specifically suggests that the use of Facebook, and perhaps other social media sites, can promote false presentation of the self. False self-presentations are presumed toRead More The Develo pment of Attachment Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesknown as attachment theory. John Bowlby, the creator of this theory, wanted to examine how early childhood experiences influence personality development. Attachment theory specifically examines infant’s reactions to being separated from their primary caregiver. Bowlby hypothesized that the differences in how children react to these situations demonstrates basic behavioral differences in infancy that will have consequences for later social and emotional development. To study attachment theoryRead MoreThe Change Of Children Away From Their Caregivers.it1330 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay includes; the maturational change of children away from their caregivers.It also shows how risks of particular environments can influence a child’s facility to adapt,how children can be an active contributor to society based on their differences or similarities which promotes their attitudes and beliefs. Finally,how negative emotions can be accessible due to internal and external sources, which can make resilience and maturity even more important as they change and develop further throughoutRead MoreThe Making Of Darth Vader : Parent Child Care And The Dark Triad1171 Words   |  5 Pagesapproach to life, captured by the Dark Triad, orienting individuals towards seeking immediate returns in mating ( Jonason, Valentine, Li, Harbeson, 2011) and social relationships ( Jonason Webster, 2012). In addition, according to (Del Giudice Belsky, 2010), parents have a profound effect on children; potentially generating different patterns of attachment (Barthlomew Horowitz, 1991). The types of attachment includes secure attachment, which is thought to result from a positive and affirmingRead MoreAdult And Early Intimate Partner Violence1586 Words   |  7 Pageswill begin with a brief overview of attachment theory in adults and early intimate partner violence (IPV) research. After discussing this I will evaluate more research on different topics related to issues raised previously which include controlled studies, female violence, homosexual violence, the role of the victim and finally predictive research. These topics are the focus of this essays understanding of the different ways in which we understand IPV. Attachment theory was originally proposed byRead More1. Introduction. The Term Suicide-Related Behaviour (Srb)1521 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction The term suicide-related behaviour (SRB) broadly defines any injurious behavior inflicted upon oneself that is intended to cause harm (Silverman et al., 2007a). When looking at the research exploring the wide variability of SRB’s presentation, the literature is marked by inconsistent views and nomenclature (Silverman et al., 2007b). Still, SRB can be broadly subdivided according to the distinct motivation and intent to die, into two main subtypes: self harm (SH), also called self-mutilationRead MoreRelation: Infant Mother Attachment and Eating Disorders1510 Words   |  7 Pagespurpose of this paper is to correlate the links between infant mother attachment and eating disorder behavior. Throughout this paper the two main theorists that are looked at are Mary S. Ainsworth and John Bowlby. Mary S. Ainsworth’s framework of attachment theory began in Uganda, while studying individual difference in infant behavior, which is known as the Strange Situation. John Bowlby coin ed the theory of infant mother attachment based on object relations psychoanalytical theory and the conceptualization

Ethical Decision Making Ethical Issue Essay - 1470 Words

Ethical Decision Making Recognize an Ethical Issue 1 Could this decision or situation be damaging to someone or to some group? Does this decision involve a choice between a good and bad alternative, or perhaps between two goods or between two bads? This situation can be damaging to both parties. The first party involved could potentially face legal trouble or termination of their position. The second party may be damaged because it is taking away from the supplies used for customers and the needs of the business. This decision does not involve a choice between a good and a bad alternative. The employees are choosing to take the pizzas rather than pay for them, which they have been told they need to be paid for. 2 Is this issue about more than what is legal or what is most efficient? If so, how? This issue solely focuses on the legal aspect of the problem. Stealing is a crime and cannot be seen as efficient in any way. Although the owner probably would not press legal charges on his employees for stealing the pizzas, he may terminate them from the position, or cut but their hours drastically. Get the Facts, 3 What are the relevant facts of the case? What facts are not known? Can I learn more about the situation? Do I know enough to make a decision? The facts of this case are that employees were stealing pizzas from the business and eating them during their breaks. Generally there is a rule that pizzas are a $5 minimum depending on how many toppings and whatShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues : Aclu On The Decision Making Process1943 Words   |  8 Pages Ethical Issues : ACLU When researching the decision-making processes in which organizations encounter, from large fortune 500 companies to small private businesses, organizational culture has a major emphasis on the decision-making process. According to Kurtz, during the decision-making process and everyday operations of a organization, many ethical decisions which would be unacceptable in our society are deemed to be acceptable problem solving tactics (Kurtz, 2003). Our ethical decision-makingRead MoreApply Decision-Making Frameworks to It-Related Ethical Issue.1134 Words   |  5 Pagesso as to further this pursuit. From the advent of writing in pre-bronze age Mesopotamia to the creation of the printing press in Renaissance Germany to more modern inventions like the radio and telegraph, much of human history has been devoted to making this large world smaller and smaller and furthering our communication and interaction. In this vain, society invented the internet, possibly the most revolutionary piece of technology in human history. Like the other aforementioned innovations, theRead MoreEthical Decision Making on Various Managerial Accounting Issues6054 Words   |  25 PagesNumber 2  · 2004 Ethical Decision Making on Various Managerial Accounting Issues Arnold Schneider* Abstract This study examines five managerial accounting issues that have ethical implications. These issues are based on situations described in managerial accounting textbooks. To induce truthful responses, an approach called the randomized response technique is used. With this technique, estimates are obtained for responses to sensitive questions relating to the five issues. Results ranged fromRead MoreEthical Issues and Decision a Making in a Healthcare Facility: Honesty and Comptetence836 Words   |  3 PagesEthical issues and decision As a project manager, the most important rule I have to obey is to be honest. Obviously, I will not go with the dishonest suggestion provided by my team member. If we send a ‘demo version’ to the client, I strongly believe that the hospital will apply the prognostic system to their patients even after our warnings. Basically, I need to consider our company’s reputation. If the ‘demo system’ used by mental health care services and it causes accidents, such as misinputRead MoreEthical And Ethical Decision Making1500 Words   |  6 Pagesmore important than others, ethical decision making is a skill that has become increasingly pivotal. Jones states that a ‘moral issue is present where a person’s action, when freely performed, may harm or benefit others’ and defines ‘an ethical decision is a decision that is both legally and morally acceptable to the larger community’ (1991, p. 387). In order to create a company wide culture of ethics, employees must believe that the organization has a desire to be ethical and see proof of this fromRead MoreResolving Ethical Dilemmas767 Words   |  4 PagesResolving Ethical Dilemmas Calvin L Harris Jr. ETH 316 15 November 2012 Marlon Spencer Resolving Ethical Dilemmas Ethical issues are inevitable because we live in a world of diversity. Diversity brings many beliefs, attitudes and personalities. As a result, ethical issues are common. They come in many shapes, sizes, and favors. Even though ethical issues cannot be prevented, ethical issues can be resolved because sound decisions can by considering ethical lenses to address andRead MoreEthics Game Reflective Journal1042 Words   |  5 PagesJournal Ethical dilemmas surface daily in professional nursing practice. Whether you work in acute care, long-term care, hospice care, ambulatory care, managed care, or public health care chances are you will be responsible for making decisions in a situation of ethical concern. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the ethical issues presented in the Ethics Game simulation, the decision-making process used to determine the solution to the dilemma, and apply concepts from the Ethical LensesRead MoreEthical Decisions1017 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Decisions July 8, 2012 Ethical Decisions Every individual is faces with ethical decisions every day in both their personal and professional lives. To avoid making unethical decisions, one must know what leads to poor decision making. Once a person knows what leads to the poor decision, they must find ways to resist making an unethical act. A person cannot make the right choice if they do not know how to avoid it. A leader must also know how to inspire ethical decisions withinRead MoreEthics Case Study: Clinical Psychologist Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pagesclinical psychologist is faced to ethical dilemmas of teaching a class that he is not competent in teaching, as well as a conflict of interest with the department chair that understands his dilemma, but wants him to abandon his principles and compromise ethics. American Psychologist Association (APA) developed ethical principles and codes to assist psychologist when they are faced with ethical dilemmas. Utilitarianism and Kant’s Formalist Theory are two model s of ethical reasoning the psychologist canRead MoreEthical Decision Making Model Analysis797 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Decision Making Model Making sound ethical decisions require an intentional process that utilizes thoughtful reflection, supervision/consultation, and action. Many ethical decision making models exist and the seven-step model introduced by Forester-Miller and Davis (1996) is a succinct amalgamation of these earlier models. The model by Forester-Miller and Davis (1996) follows seven progressive steps: (a) identify the problem, (b) apply the ACA Code of Ethics (2014), (c) determine the nature

The Theory Of Maslow / Herzberg Theory - 1148 Words

Q#3: use the theory of Maslow/Herzberg Theory to explain the decrease in employee motivation following the takeover and what step management should take to re-establish the employee motivation? Case Background: Icy foods was established in 1999 with the manufacturing of â€Å"Frozen ready Meals â€Å"in the beginning the company was expanding rapidly but in early developments the company was operated on informal basis ,operations were loosely divided into five departments.1) smith was using the approach for organized management , 2)employees were encourage for multi skill trainijng,3) open-door policy was followed but when the new management took place the company achieved its targets but the employee motivation getting decreased by the time because of the new policies absenteeism and employee turnover increased by 35% Maslow Theory: The psychologist Abraham Maslow developed a theory that suggests we, humans, are motivated to satisfy five basic needs. These needs are arranged in a hierarchy. Maslow suggests that we seek first to satisfy the lowest level of needs. Once this is done, we seek to satisfy each higher level of need until we have satisfied all five needs. The Hierarchy of Needs is as follows: 1. Physiological Needs (basic issues of survival such as salary and stable employment) 2. Security Needs (stable physical and emotional environment issues such as benefits, pension, safe work environment, and fair work practices) 3. â€Å"Belongingness† Needs (social acceptance issuesShow MoreRelatedThe Motivational Theories Of Abraham Maslow And Frederick Herzberg1106 Words   |  5 Pagesemployees. Employers should find better ways to motivate their staffs to achieve organizational objectives efficiently and effectively. Many psychologists understand the importance of motivation in the industry; they worked on various motivational theories which could help employers to have a fruitful and productive employee. According to Feldman, motivation is a factor that direct and energize the behaviors of humans and other organisms, in other words, an inner state that stimulates us to fulfillRead MoreMotivation Theory by Abraham Maslow and Frederick Herzberg Essay942 Words   |  4 Pagesare similar in their nature, these concepts or models could also be applied to the motivation of placement students in Hilton hotels in Prague. Two of the earlier on some of the most widely discussed theories on motivation were proposed by psychologists Abraham Maslow and Frederick Herzberg. Maslow introduced his Hierarchy of needs in 1943 and later fully developed it in 1954. This model consists of 5 levels of basic needs, often portrayed in a pyramid or triangular shape. The most fundamental needsRead MoreEssay on Case Study on Maslow, Herzberg, and Mcgregor’s Theories887 Words   |  4 PagesHow would I solve this problem using Maslow’s motivational theory? Abraham Maslow believed that to understand motivation at work, we much understand human motivation in general and he felt motivation arose from workers’ needs. These needs included: Physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. He felt that if these needs were met with the worker their motivation would provide a workplace that enabled employees to fulfill their own unique potentialRead MoreThe Maslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Theory And Herzberg s Two Factor Theory2010 Words   |  9 Pagesmotivation process, they donate maximum for accomplishing objectives. Without motivation, they may not have a suggestion to maintain or improve their efficiency. I like to explain about The Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs Theory and Herzberg s two-factor theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs Theory ST = Self-Transcendence Examples ST Self - Actualization Esteem Love or belonging love and belonging Safety securityRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs, Herzberg s Hygiene Theory Essay883 Words   |  4 Pagesthat business† (Blasingame, 2015). This paper will discuss about how four motivational theories, which are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s motivator- hygiene theory, expectancy theory of Victor Vroom, and equity theory of J. Stacy Adams, effect the applications in the workplace, the Mintzberg’s managerial roles, and how organization use payroll as a tool to motivate employees. Psychologist Abraham Maslow is famous for the hierarchy of needs. He has divided the system into five groups in anRead MoreThe Main Factors That Can Drive Motivation, Using Theories By Abraham Maslow And Frederick Herzberg1410 Words   |  6 Pages In this essay, I will be discussing the main factors that can drive motivation, using theories by Abraham Maslow and Frederick Herzberg. I have chosen Tesco to display how they motivate their employees in the work setting. Motivation is a key factor that influences the work environment. I will speak about what workers are motivated by, why they keep coming to work and what drives them during work. I will speak about why motivation is important and the internal and external stimuli. I will also talkRead MoreHow Motivation Is Defined As The Drive Within A Person1673 Words   |  7 Pageswithin themselves. Numerous studies and experiments have been done on how best to motivate employees. Theories have developed around the results of these studies, each is tailored to the circumstances of the time, place, and people that participated in the study so they do not apply directly to every situation. One of the first and most well known theories was developed by Abraham Harold Maslow. Maslow spent a lot of time developing this idea and he revised it on multiple different occasions. It isRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1741 Words   |  7 Pagesis discuss on the two theories: The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s. The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs include five levels, and at the certain extent, reflect the rule of human s activities on psychological and behavior. Herzberg’ describe the more details of worker agree or disagree about working. In this essay, more related knowledge details and effects will de described, then, analysis the two theories individual, choose a better one. II. Describe the two theories. 2.1Maslow’s hierarchyRead MoreMaslows Hierarchy Of Need Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pageslot of various motivation theories were created by such authors as: Abraham Maslow, Frederick Herzberg, Douglas McGregor, David McClelland and others. In that particular paper the author will explore two motivation theories – Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and two factor theory of F. Herzberg. The goal of the paper is comparative analysis of the theories of two authors. The paper consists of three parts: the first two parts give a theoretical insight into two theories. The third part deals withRead MoreMotivation Theories Of A Diverse Workforce During Times Of Change Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership, Motivation, Change Introduction In this paper two motivation theories in a diverse workforce during times of change will be discuss. Differences, including theoretical premises, between two models will be explained. Details relates to challenges and opportunities in a diverse workforce will identified. Strategies to keep a workforce motivated during organizational change will be point out. Two Motivation Theories To begin this discuss a definition of motivation is presented. Motivation

Need for Affiliation free essay sample

Situations that include fear often lead people to want to be together and trigger a need for affiliation. Research done by Schacter (1959) shows that fear that comes from anxiety increases the need for the person to affiliate with others who are going through the same situation or that could help them through the stressful event. The strength of this need changes from one person to the next, there are moments that people just want to be together. The need for affiliation for an individual can vary over short amounts of time; there are times when individuals wish to be with others and other times to be alone. In one study, completed by Shawn OConnor and Larne Rosenblood, beepers were distributed to the students. The students were then asked to record, when their beepers went off, whether or not they wanted to be alone or if they wanted to be with others at that particular moment. This study was done to observe how frequently college students were in the presence of others and how frequently they were alone. The next step in this study asked for the students to record whether, at the time their beeper went off, they wanted to be alone or in the company of others. This response that they gave usually reflected which of the two situations they were experiencing the next time their beepers went off. The information retained from this study helped to show the strength of an individuals need for affiliation. [4] By showing how frequently they obtained the presence of others when they felt that it was what they wanted at that moment it showed how strong their need for affiliation was at that particular moment. Depending on the specific circumstances, an individuals level of need for affiliation can become increased or decreased. Yacov Rofe suggested that the need for affiliation depended on whether being with others would be useful for the situation or not. When the presence of other people was seen as being helpful in relieving an individual from some of the negative aspects of the stressor, an individuals desire to affiliate increases. However, if being with others may increase the negative aspects such as adding the possibility of embarrassment to the already present stressor, the individuals desire to affiliate with others decreases. Individuals are motivated to find and create a specific amount of social interactions. Each individual desires a different amount of a need for affiliation and they desire an optimal balance of time to their self and time spent with others. The pioneering research work of the Harvard Psychological Clinic in the 1930s, summarised in Explorations in Personality, provided the start point for future studies of personality, especially those relating to needs and motives. David C. McClellands and his associates investigations of achievement motivation have particular relevance to the emergence of leadership. McClelland was interested in the possibility of deliberately arousing a motive to achieve in an attempt to explain how individuals express their preferences for particular outcomes — a general problem of motivation. In this connection, the need for achievement refers to an individuals preference for success under conditions of competition. The vehicle McClelland employed to establish the presence of an achievement motive was the type of fantasy a person expressed on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), developed by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray, who note in Explorations in Personality that hen a person interprets an ambiguous social situation he is apt to expose his own personality as much as the phenomenon to which he is attending Each picture should suggest some critical situation and be effective in evoking a fantasy relating to it (p531). The test is composed of a series of pictures that subjects are asked to interpret and describe to the psychologist. The TAT has b een widely used to support assessment of needs and motives. The procedure in McClellands initial investigation was to arouse in the test audience a concern with their achievement. A control group was used in which arousal was omitted. In the course of this experiment, McClelland discovered through analyzing the stories on the TAT that initial arousal was not necessary. Instead, members of the control group — individuals who had had no prior arousal — demonstrated significant differences in their stories, some writing stories with a high achievement content and some submitting stories with a low achievement content. Using results based on the Thematic Apperception Test, McClelland demonstrated that individuals in a society can be grouped into high achievers and low achievers based on their scores on what he called N-Ach. McClelland and his associates have since extended their work in fantasy analysis to include different age groups, occupational groups, and nationalities in their investigations of the strength of need for achievement. These investigations have indicated that the N-Ach score increases with a rise in occupational level. Invariably, businessmen, managers, and entrepreneurs are high scorers. Other investigations into the characteristics of the high achievers have revealed that accomplishment on the job represents an end in itself; monetary rewards serve as an index of this accomplishment. In addition, these other studies found that the high achievers, though identified as managers, businessmen, and entrepreneurs, are not gamblers. They will accept risk only to the degree they believe their personal contributions will make a difference in the final outcome. These explorations into the achievement motive seem to turn naturally into the investigation of national differences based on Max Webers thesis that the industrialization and economic development of the Western nations were related to the Protestant ethic and its corresponding values supporting work and achievement. McClelland and his associates have satisfied themselves that such a relationship, viewed historically through an index of national power consumption, indeed exists. Differences related to individual, as well as to national, accomplishments depend on the presence or absence of an achievement motive in addition to economic resources or the infusion of financial assistance. High achievers can be viewed as satisfying a need for self-actualization through accomplishments in their job assignments as a result of their particular knowledge, their particular experiences, and the particular environments in which they have lived.

Human Resource Management Practices Determine

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management Practices Determine. Answer: Introduction It is evident that HRM practices determine or facilitate the easy operation of the organizations both in global and domestic market. Thus, the development of globalization leads to growing number of Multinational Corporations. Hence, these multinational organizations largely contribute to the development of the country in terms of economic growth and poverty. It is learnt that development of these organizations in the international business environment considerably relies on the extent of dealing with human resource because of its mobility as well as diversity. As put forward by Wild, Wild and Han (2014), choosing the skilled people who match with the right job should be the major goals while performing in the global environment. The multinational corporations in such nations could deal with the challenge of addressing the human resource. They could make decisions regarding the need of acting similarly with the parent organizations to take the position in international business to fu lfill the local requirements. Furthermore, standardization versus localization can also be considered as the terminology which is more generally employed to refer to useful areas such as marketing as well as human resource management (HRM). The purpose of the report is to understand how this standardization and the localization of subsidiary impacting the HRM practices. The assessment of the report would also help to understand the complexity of cross culture differences with the integration of international human resource management. Possible impact of global standardization versus localization of subsidiary HRM practices As opined by Cavusgil et al., (2014), the standardization of Multinational corporations in this context is usually considered as the standardization of global subsidiary management practice to human resource management practices. For example, the international franchise including McDonalds as well as Starbucks has developed their products and HRM practices across the country. On the contrary, localization is referred to the execution by international subsidiaries of the management practices usually implemented by the domestic organizations in respect to the host countries. In this context, Carroll and Buchholtz (2014) commented that most of the multinational corporations could localize promotion as well as the distribution practices in spite of having a global advertising strategy. Notwithstanding, Jeston and Nelis (2014) mentioned that to remain active or competitive in the globalized market, MNCs need to integrate these opposite approaches into one single and overall strategy. Cons equently, the MNCs face the true challenge of management practices. Although, the global integration as well as the local responsiveness have largely been used to explore international HRM strategy and practices, there is a lack of intensive discussion on this context. It is observed that the distinctiveness of three Head Quarter models provided the organizations with an idea baseline to subsequently investigate HRM practices of six subsidiary group as well as to contrast those with the findings found by Head Quarter. Convergence and divergence The presences of globalization as well as the multinational organization have fired the dispute of convergence and the divergence since the last decade of 20th century. Few decades earlier, the debate was only centralized only on the convergence in one side and divergence is contrary to the convergence site. However, they were further criticized because of its implication Standardization and Localization- It is found out that when the debate of convergence and divergence is fundamentally implied to the macro level, the standardization, and the location are seen to be associated with the organizational level. Most of the multinational organizations are in the need of making decision about managing their subsidiaries on the basis of the host countrys principles or dealing with it by a different set and then determine which route is more suitable as well as efficient for them. As put forward by Papadopoulos and Heslop (2014), MNCs are considered as the tools that communicate globalization, administrative knowledge as well as separated best practices across the world. These multinational organizations could deal with the complication of intuitional aspects in host countries, which could offset the consequence of consistency. Conclusively, the debate of standardization as well as the localization focuses on the organizational and to the meso level, which i s the middle level of macro micro level. Standardization and localization of HRM- In the current present days, HRM is one of the significant administrative aspects in globalization. As put forward by Brannen, Piekkari and Tietze (2014), HRM is at large competitive advantages because of the difficulty of imitating it. Thus, it is also observed that HRM practices have some unique traits and principles that cannot be neglected in standardization. Firstly, human resource management fundamentally depends on the national culture as well as regional characteristics of the nation. In addition, HRM is one of the aspects of prosperity in internationalization. Differences in HRM practices among different culture It is observed that as the social and economic structure of the country have become more familiar as well as dependent to each other understanding about how communication among humans are becoming critical. The managers and the executives of large MNCs are expanding the operation worldwide, their operations need should include the entities in different regions as well as nations understand, and provide solutions to the human resource matters and needs. As opined by Warner (2014), few decades earlier, growing globalization as well as the growth of the new markets like China, Brazil, India and Russia as more keen rivalry among organizations at the international as well as domestic level, which has increased the concern in comparative human resource management. Research indicate that effectual human resource management is positively connected to the financial as well as organizational performance despite best HRM practices are there because of global and cultural differences which proba bly are not always transferable across the nations. Therefore, it can be added that generalizing HRM practices might not be possible across different countries due to the differences in policies, laws and cultures. Similarly, differences in culture could affect HR roles across the borders. Undoubtedly, culture has a significant influence on approaching to deal with the people; thereby, the culture differences quest dissimilarities in management practices. It is identified that human resource management practices vary across the nations due to culture and dimensions. As put forward by Goetsch and Davis (2014), the human working in the organizations as well as each individual has unique personality with the distinct needs, behavior, beliefs and values. According to Wach and Wehrman (2014), culture refers to a set of necessary assumptions often understand, shared by the members of the community including the beliefs about the world as well as it works. Cultural Framework in comparative HRM-Hosftede Culture dimensions A significant strand of the culture perspective is based on Hofstedes conceptualization of four distinct cultural value dimensions. According to Hofstede, the culture patterns are rooted in the value system of substantial grouping of the people and they could stabilize for long period. These notions are significantly necessary in analyzing as well as understanding managerial behavior and reactions (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Particularly, as culture differences are embedded in managers frame and guide the managerial actions and preferences. In other words, all national culture factors could be considered as the potential influences on how the managers make the decisions as well as perform their roles. Notwithstanding, Hofstede has also been criticized for the limited number of dimensions that fail to capture the richness of national environment. Sources and mechanism of culture influences on HRM- In the context of understanding how national culture features influence organization in general and HRM in particular, the author highlight the fact that culture environment is not external to companies. The mechanisms of social control are widely related to the values as well as patterns of social relations as manifested within the organization. In this context, this indicates that organizations and environmental culture interpenetrate. This technique of interpretation focuses on different sources of culture influences on the design as well as implementation of Human Resource policies and practice. As commented by Storey (2014), national culture is considered to be shaping its members core assumptions. The individuals could take positions in a particular culture socializing similar values and beliefs. On the contrary, the enduring character of culture could help continuously to socialize new generations of members and strengthen the predominant culture values and norms. Best ways to maintain equity and fairness amongst the parent country nationals and host nationals Employees relations are guided by human resource management professionals and the global environment could make it more complicated. One of the major and significant decisions for Human resource management when an organization determines to run the operation in the global market is how the global environment operation will be staffed. Among many other, there are three main staffing strategies that come under HRM practices an organization could apply while getting into the international market with each having its benefits and disadvantages. These strategies are such as home-country national strategy. This particular practice of HRM hires the employees from the home country or the domestic market to live and work. These individuals are considered as the expatriates. Another HRM practice could be host-country national strategy, which indicates employing people who were born in the country where the business is running (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). Similarly, the last one is the third count ry national strategy, which indicates the practice of employing people from an entirely different country from the home country and the host country. Benefits of these three practices have been discussed in the following. Home-Country National Host-country National Third-Country National Advantages :1 Larger control of organization Barriers of language The third country national could better bee equipped to bring the national perspective to the business. Advantages :2 Managers get the opportunity to gain experience in local market Better understanding of local rules and laws Expenses associated with the hiring such as visas could be less expensive than the home country nationals could. Advantages :2 1. Possible intensive understanding as well as execution of the business strategy 2. Better understanding of the culture 3. Moral builders for employees of the host country Hiring cost such as visas are omitted Overall costs associated with hiring such as visas could be less expensive than the home country nationals Table 1: Ways to maintain equity and fairness amongst the parent country nationals and host nationals Examining and justifying criteria for selecting preparing, managing and repatriating international managers Adaptability to culture change It is observed that managers in the international market must be able to adapt to change. These managers rely on the degree of culture toughness. As opined by Janssens Zanoni (2014), many managers are seen to be thrilled at the beginning of their international assignment. However, after few months, a type of culture shock creeps in and they start to deal with the frustration as well as feel confused in their new environment. It is further identified that organizations could further investigate an increased number of characteristics to decide whether an individual is effectively adaptable. Age, experience and education- It is observed that most multinational organizations tend to attempt for developing the balance between the experience and age. The younger managers are observed to be dealing the international assignment. The younger managers usually become worldlier and have greater admiration of other culture than the people who are aged. On the contrary, the young people do not have much of management experience as well as technical skills. They have the scarcity of real world experience. Thus, in order to acquire the expected balance, many organizations prefer to deploy both young as well as seasoned personnel to the international market (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). This should be the appropriate way of hiring the managers when it comes to operation in abroad. Language training- It is identified that one well-known weakness of many multinational organizations is that they do not consider the importance of language training. It is evident that English is considered as the primary language of global business; thereby, most expatriates from all nations should converse English. Skills and abilities of being a leader- This refers to the ability of influencing people to behave in a particularly way; thus, people are convinced. The organization would probably have to rely on this skills and ability, when they have to select the leader for international assignment. Further, it is necessary to determine whether an individual who is a skilled leader in the home country would be equally potential in an international environment. Nevertheless, when determining whether an applicant holds the ability, many organizations tend to look for the particular characteristics as maturity emotional stability as well as the skills of communication. Organizational specific requirement- As put forward by Kulik (2014), HRM practitioner should determine the requirements of the organization before choosing an individual, host country need to stop sending the expatriates. The government of the host country is single party that issues the working permits as well as visas to expatiates. The legislation and the changes of the employment should be addressed and the expatriate should move to another nation with the family where the living conditions could be challenging. Issues of HRM implications in international business Globalization- As the political as well as financial extent, globalization is considered as the technique of denationalization of markets, legal structure and politics, which is known as the so-called global economy. It is identified that globalization may involve the extension that could go beyond the national borders of the same industry dynamics and these can be operated for the centuries of financial activities dealt by humans. This helps to learn that global trade and financial markets could be more integrated. It is further learnt that increasing globalization of business has its large impact on HRM in terms of issues of unfamiliar laws and language practices. Diversity in the workplace- As opined by Armstrong and Taylor (2014), dimension of diversity in the workplace include age, ethnicity, gender, physical disabilities, race, sexual orientation, religious belief and many more. Diversity could be a major issue for the organizations especially for the people who have to go to the overseas operation. The future success of any firm relies on the ability to deal with the diverse body of talent that could bring innovate ideas, perspective and views to their work. It can be mentioned that challenge as well as the issues faced of workplace diversity could be turned into a strategic organizational asset if the firms are able to cap Conclusion On the completion of the report, it can be mentioned that as the markets have come dynamic in both local and global environment, the HRM practices should be developed based on the changes occur. On the contrary, international business could be affected when the home country and trading country are at war. Thus, if two nations are at war then there will not be any international trade between the nations. 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